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"Meanwhile, several programs have been made exploring these
ideas, both commercially and academically. Most of them use
"hot spots" in documents, like icons, or highlighted phrases,
as sensitive areas. touching a hot spot with a mouse brings
up the relevant information, or expands the text on the screen
to include it. Imagine, then, the references in this document,
all being associated with the network address of the thing to
which they referred, so that while reading this document you
could skip to them with a click of the mouse."
--
Information Management: A Proposal, by
Tim Berners-Lee, CERN, March 1989, May 1990.
This proposal concerns the management of general information
about accelerators and experiments at CERN. It discusses the
problems of loss of information about complex evolving systems
and derives a solution based on a distributed hypertext system.
The Internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the
United States government's Department of Defense,
to create a non-centralized network designed to survive
partial outages (ie. nuclear war) and still function when parts of the
network were down or destroyed.
This project was
called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network),
created by the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency
established in 1969 to provide a secure and survivable communications
network for organizations engaged in defense-related research.
In order to make the network more global a new sophisticated and
standard protocol was needed.
They developed IP (Internet Protocol) technology which defined how
electronic messages were packaged, addressed, and sent over the network.
The standard protocol was invented in 1977 and was called TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
TCP/IP allowed users to link various branches of other complex
networks directly to the ARPANet,
which soon came to be called the Internet.
Researchers and academics in other fields began to make use of the
network, and eventually the National Science Foundation (NSF),
which had created a similar and parallel network called NSFNet,
took over much of the TCP/IP technology from ARPANET and established a
distributed network of networks capable of handling far greater traffic.
ARPANet grew during the 1970's,
and was upgraded to a high speed network by linking several powerful
supercomputer stations called nodes.
In 1985,
the National Science Foundation (NSF) began a program to establish
Internet access across the United States.
They created a backbone called the NSFNET and opened their doors to
all educational facilities, academic researchers, government agencies,
and international research organizations.
ARPANet was shut down by the Defense Communications Agency in 1989 due
to limited funding and support from the military.
By the 1990's the Internet experienced explosive growth.
It is estimated that the number of computers connected to the Internet
was doubling every year.
By mid-1994 the Internet connected an estimated two million computers
in more than 100 countries, serving some 23 million users.
Many commercial computer network and data services also provided at
least indirect connection to the Internet.
It was also estimated that at this rapid growth everyone in the world
would have an e-mail address by the year 2000.
The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web began as a networked information project at
CERN,
where Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the
World Wide Web Consortium [W3C],
developed a
vision of the project.
An early
talk
about the Web gives some background on how the Web was originally
conceived.
A Short History of the Web.
Text of a speech delivered at the launching of the European branch of
the W3 Consortium Paris, 2 November 1995 by Robert Cailliau, CERN.
The
original proposal of the WWW
is a hand conversion to HTML of the original MacWord document written in
March 1989 and later redistributed unchanged apart from the date added
in May 1990.
This document was an attempt to persuade CERN management that a global
hypertext system was in CERN's interests.
A brief history of HTML:
HTML was originally developed by Tim Berners-Lee while at
CERN, and popularized by the Mosaic browser developed at NCSA.
During the course of the 1990s it has blossomed with the explosive
growth of the Web. During this time, HTML has been extended in a
number of ways. The Web depends on Web page authors and vendors
sharing the same conventions for HTML. This has motivated joint
work on specifications for HTML.
Good
history of HTML/the web reference, from
Dave Raggett's
HTML 4 book[Could also be seen as 'Raggett sets the record straight on Raggett'
-
there are 20 references to Raggett in this sample chapter.
Still, a very informative and interesting story].
Included in this chapter is information on:
How the World Wide Web began;
The events and circumstances that led to the World Wide Web's current popularity;
How HTML has grown from its conception in the early 1990s.
2000
A Look at the Web Development World Ahead
by Charlie Morris.
As we begin a new millennium, a new era in Web development is also
beginning. Making predictions is dangerous in this business, but it
seems clear that important changes in the way we use and design Web
sites are underway. Web developers who want to stay in business had
better take heed of these trends, and start boning up on the new
technologies. Head for the woodshed today, or the unemployment
office tomorrow!
1996
HTML 3.2
W3C's previous recommendation for HTML 3.2 represented the consensus
on HTML features for 1996. HTML 3.2 added widely deployed features
such as tables, applets and text flow around images, superscripts and
subscripts while providing backwards compatibility with the existing
1995
HTML 2.0 Standard
(RFC 1866) developed by the IETF's HTML working group, which closed in
1996. It set the standard for core HTML features based upon current
practise in 1994.
HTML 2.0 (November 1995) was developed under the
aegis of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to codify common
practice in late 1994.
HTML+ (1993) and HTML 3.0 (1995) proposed much richer versions of HTML.
Despite never receiving consensus in standards discussions,
these drafts led to the adoption of a range new features.
The efforts of the World Wide Web Consortium's HTML working group
to codify common practice in 1996 resulted in HTML 3.2 (January
1997, see [HTML32])."
1994
A Basic HTML
Style Guide
It was last updated on September 16, 1994 by me while still at NASA/GSFC.
But if you'd like a peek into the early days of the web this is quaint.
"The WWW world consists of documents, and links. Indexes are special documents which,
rather than being read, may be searched. The result of such a search is another
("virtual") document containing links to the documents found. A simple protocol
(" HTTP ") is used to allow a browser program to request a keyword search by a remote
information server."
1991
HTML Design Constraints.
"It is required that HTML be a common language between all platforms. This implies no
device-specific markup, or anything which requires control over fonts or colors,
for example. This is in keeping with the SGML ideal."
1990
The original proposal of the WWW
is a hand conversion to HTML of the original MacWord document written in March 1989 and
later redistributed unchanged apart from the date added in May 1990.
This document was an attempt to persuade CERN management that a global hypertext system
was in CERN's interests.
Xanadu was a precursor to
the WWW.
See the
Xanadu FAQ for
details.
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